What Is The Real Cost Of Imperialism - 1480 Words

What is the real cost of Imperialism? Is it a human cost or a cultural cost? Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Iran has been embroiled in a struggle to maintain its own autonomy against western influences as mentioned by Shiva Balaghi in her work entitled â€Å"A Brief History of 20th-Century Iran† (Balaghi). Western involvement has plagued the Middle East for a long time, especially upon Iranians. Much of this is due to Iran being situated in such a strategic position in the Middle East. Also, Iran has always been one of the most enriched countries in oil production according to Renaissance Charter School in their work, â€Å"Western Influence in Iran† (West). These advantages for Iran earn it additional western attention, inevitably turning them into disadvantages. As a result of this attention, western countries will be routinely involved in the affairs of Iran for a long time. Many problems that badly afflict Iran are a result of this constant western in tervention. However, the Iranian government also becomes very corrupt during the middle of the twentieth century that contributes a significant amount to problems in Iran. The rise of Ayatollah Khomeini and Islam taking over the Iranian government are consequences that are tied to Iranian officials, most notably Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. On the other hand, western involvement is what sparked a lot of government issues in Iran. This leaves the West with the majority of the responsibility for many past problems of Iran, forShow MoreRelatedImperialism : A Vital Goal And Factor1695 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism appears to be a vital goal and factor in the U.S during the late 1800s. Americans yearn to gain more control and soon rise to become a world power, similar to the conduct of our forefathers. However, this philosophy is counter to the origins of our country. We believed in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, yet Americans were being hypocritical of this conviction. They took the action of colonizing other countries and tyrannizing them without their consent. With this in mindRead MoreColonialism And Imperialism In Europe1440 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrial, technical, commercial and financial superiority imposed its economic model, its values, ideals and its culture to a large part of the world. Imperialism can be defined as the system in which the politics, economy and culture of one part of the world are organized according to the domination of some countries over others. The imperialism that emerged in the nineteenth century was the culmination of colonialism initiated in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. But both forms of colonialRead MoreThe Justification Of An Anti Imperialist Imperialism1393 Words   |  6 Pages The Justification of an Anti-Imperialist Imperialism appears to be a vital goal and factor in the U.S during the late 1800s. Americans yearn to gain more control and soon rise to become a world power, similar to the conduct of our forefathers. However, this philosophy is counter to the origins of our country. We believed in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, yet Americans were being hypocritical of this conviction. They took the action of colonizing other countries and tyrannizingRead MoreWhite Man s Burden By Rudyard Kipling1354 Words   |  6 Pages Imperialism English writer Rudyard Kipling published a very famous poem called â€Å"White Man’s Burden† in 1899 which embodied the European feel of superiority over the indigenous peoples. Kipling published this poem when the Americans were conquering different places. In fact, the original subtitle of this poem was â€Å"The United States and the Philippine Islands.† This was because the United States had acquired the Philippines from Spain after winning the Spanish-American War. KiplingRead MoreGlobalization And The Rise Of Globalization1087 Words   |  5 Pagesimmensely linked to imperialism since the capture of one country led to exploration of the ideas and cultures, and trading within said country. Third Round (â€Å"Contemporary Globalization†) The modern world is in the third phase, which occurred post-World War II. Globalization shifted from the second phase into third because of instant communications and rapid growth of the world market. The key element that caused modern globalization according to O’Rouke and Williamson was the low cost goods enteringRead MoreThe War Of The Colonial Expansion1472 Words   |  6 PagesFriedrich Fabri is in favor of the colonial expansion because he believes it will be quite beneficial for their economy and national development. His view on the motives for the imperialism is that it will be economic and political. Fabri states in his article, â€Å"Many things in the new nation are already made bitter through unproductive political quarreling, soured and poisoned, so that the notification of a new promising course of national development will produce a liberating effect, as the nationalRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 PagesDarkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil activities in the colonized African tribes along the river Congo during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Heart of Darkness is an exceptionally figurative classic novella established on Conrad’sRead MoreHow Did Imperialism Effect The Areas Of Africa, China, And India?1615 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Imperialism How did imperialism effect the areas of Africa, China, and India? Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. There were both positive and negative effects to imperialism, with the loss of many original citizens, but gaining different ways of life through cultural diffusion. For instance, many EuropeanRead MoreMary Wollstonecraft s Argument The Best Of The Five Faces1265 Words   |  6 Pagesalso by giving a reasonable objection to my argument, and retorting the objection. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women with structures on Political and Moral Subjects, Wollstonecraft argues that women are subject to what a man’s ideal traits in a woman are instead of what a woman thinks her ideal traits are. The patriarchal society lets men have a monopoly on education, books, and government. Because men control society, they push women in to social roles of mistresses, wives, and mothers aboveRead MoreThe Theory Of Biological Evolution1192 Words   |  5 PagesIt was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology and led to questioning in regards to what was previously stated in the past. In the 19th century, the United

The Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the...

The Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument is a well established argument for the existence of God and it is also known as the first cause argument. The cosmological argument is based upon the belief that there is a first cause behind the existence of universe and this was God. It has taken many forms and in the past has been presented in many ways. So many philosophers have put their points across, philosophers like; Plato, Aquinas, Socrates, Hume, Kant and many more. The first person to put their point across was Plato. He argued that the power to produce the movements plausibly comes before the power to receive it and pass it on. In†¦show more content†¦Both Aquinas and Craig deny the infinite and yet argue that God is infinite. Believers of the argument point out that God is unique and that the laws of nature do not apply to God. In the five ways Anthony Kenny said that Aquinas’s principle that nothing moves itself goes against the fact that people and animals move themselves. He stated that Newton’s first law of motion, in which movement can be explained by a body’s own sluggishness from previous motion, disapproves Aquinas’s argument. It is possible for object to have uniform motion as well as to be in a state of rest. b) The strengths of the Cosmological Argument lie in both its simplicity and easily comprehensible concept that there cannot be an infinite number of causes to an event. Some arguments for Gods existence require more thought and training in terms and concepts, but this argument is basic and simple. Also, it is perfectly logical to assert that objects do not bring themselves into existence and must, therefore, have causes. For must not the cause of existing things exist? We find ourselves faced with the possibility of an infinite regress. If it is true of A that it is caused to exist by B, why may not B be caused to exist by C, D, E†¦and so on ad infinitum? If there actually is a cause ofShow MoreRelatedDoes God Really Exists? Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Really Exists The idea of God has been one of the most debatable issues since the dawn of humanity and with it guided as well as deluded most lives in the pursuit for the truth. The impacts springing from the notion of God has from time memorial changed history, inspired more poetry and music including philosophy more than anything else, imagined or real. Peter Kreft once concluded that â€Å"The idea of God is either a fact, like sand, or a fantasy like Santa† (Lawhead, p. 334). Over the causeRead MoreThe Biblical Cosmogony Is Based On The Provisions Of Genesis1282 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical cosmogony is based on the provisions of Genesis chapter one. The basis of this myth is the fact that the universe and all its constituents are creations of a supreme being, in this case called God. The myth clashes with scientific views such as evolution theories because it suggests that God created everything by word of mouth and the work of his hands. The religious creation theory is the foundat ion of major spiritual convictions, which include Christianity, Judaic and Islam (Blumenthal 1)Read MoreCosmological Arguments On The Existence Of A God2212 Words   |  9 Pageswhether or not God exists. Now there are various conceptions of God within philosophy, but the most simple and widely accepted definition would likely be a â€Å"metaphysically necessary being.† That will be the definition of God for this paper. Numerous arguments have been put forth for and against the existence of a God, and some can be grouped together according to their type. Examples of these arguments range from teleological arguments to axiological arguments to cosmological arguments (to name a few)Read MoreMccloskey Responses1660 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide sufficient proof that God exists. However, McCloskey is not the only person who is unsure and asks questions God’s existence based on personal beliefs or influence. From the beginning many people have had questions about God and his existence. He wrote numerous books on atheism between 1960 and 1980 including the famous book, God and Evil. This paper evaluates the credibility of McCloskey’s article â€Å"On being an Atheist†. One of the McCloskey’s core arguments against theism is his demandRead MoreEssay on The Proof of the Existence of God1423 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Existence of God There are many arguments that try to prove the existence of God. In this essay I will look at the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, empirical arguments such as the avoidance of error and the argument from design. There are many criticisms of each of these that would say the existence of God can’t be proven that are perhaps stronger than those saying it can be. The definition of God for which is being argued is the Christian God whoRead MoreThis essay will be examining the key arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the3100 Words   |  13 Pageskey arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the claim that â€Å"it is wrong to believe in anything without sufficient evidence†- with reference to the non-existence of God. It will be exploring both a priori and an a posteriori argument for the existence of God. It will solely be concentrating on the Theological argument, Cosmological argument and the Ontological argument, in order, to analyse their significance and contribution in vindicating the claim for the existence of God. TheRead MoreArticle Analysis of H J McCloskeys On Being an Atheist2019 Words   |  8 Pagesthose well versed in theism can handily refute. In his discussion of the argument from design, which he links with teleological principles, the author refers to the concept of design in a way that alludes to the conviction that there are certain divine manifestations in the world that are so perfect that they must revolve around a grand architect who conceived them to be that way. Therefore, he says that proving such an argument requires indisputable examples of design or purpose (McCloskey, 1968Read MorePhilosophy Midterm Notes Essay examples900 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Anselm- the ontological argument. Posteriori truth is a truth that requires experience to be known. Priori- such propositions are knowable prior to, or independently of, experience. 1. god is by definition the greatest being possible. 2. A being who fails to exist in the actual world (while existing in other possible worlds) is less perfect than a being who exists in all possible worlds. Hence, God exists, necessarily. â€Å"maybe an ant cant conceive of a greater creature than an anteater, butRead MoreEssay about A Philoshpical Approach to Proving the Existence of God4013 Words   |  17 Pages The question of God’s existence has been debated through the history of man, with every philosopher from Socrates to Immanuel Kant weighing in on the debate. So great has this topic become that numerous proofs have been invented and utilized to prove or disprove God’s existence. Yet no answer still has been reached, leaving me to wonder if any answer at all is possible. So I will try in this paper to see if it is possible to philosophically prove God’s existence. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;BeforeRead MoreUnderstanding the Debate Over the Origins of Life Essay examples1104 Words   |  5 Pagesthis belief, the core of the argument relies on the idea that an almighty being created the universe and all life within it. Intelligent design rejects the claim that life came to be through an undirected process such as natural selection and believes life was created with intent and purposeful scheme by an omnipotent deity. The case for both differs in almost every way; science and religion constantly fail to reconcile. Creationists find solace in the idea of a God that designed life in a precise

Norwegian Security Policy After The Cold War Essay Example For Students

Norwegian Security Policy After The Cold War Essay Norwegian Security Policy after the Cold WarDespite widespread diplomatic discussion, and sentiment that the UN SecurityCouncil must be expanded in order to maintain its long-term legitimacy, nogenerally acceptable formula for expansion has emerged. Concerns for obtainingor retaining voting power, and for preserving a body structured so as to be ableto take prompt and effective decisions, have prevented agreement. This articlereviews various criteria for evaluating restructuring proposals, and suggests aformula that, while not fundamentally affecting the distribution of power on theCouncil, might satisfy many states minimal requirements for an acceptablepackage of changes. The end of the Cold War between East and West has strengthened Norwegiansecurity, which makes Norway no different from most other European countries. There are now more dimensions to security policy than there were when theoverriding aim was deterrence by means of ones own and allied military forces. Cold War perceptions of military threat no longer exist. In Norways particularcase, however, it is possible to talk about a remaining strategic threat, whenreferring to Russian deployments in the far north. Such a threat is only apotential one and is not imminent today. Yet it has to be acknowledged that warsbetween nations and ethnic groups have hardly been abolished. As a result, ithas become more difficult to identify the risk of armed aggression directedagainst Norway The risk would seem to reside in the escalation of a whole seriesof completely different political developments. For example, these eventualitiescould take the form of the emergence of a nationalistic dictatorship, or thedevelopment of ungovernable political chaos in formerly communist countries. Because of the existence of some very large arsenals and supplies of militaryequipment, it is important to judge the political aims of potential opponents. These can change over time, not least if they represent irrational andaggressive attitudes. The nuclear weapons of the great powers do not seem tohave any deterrent effect on violent ethnic cleansing, and the emergence ofarmed conflicts in different areas can be difficult to predict. But a countrys security can also be subject to something that has become moretopical after the Cold War: low level threats. These are related to some verydifferent types of irregular national border transgressions, for exampleinternational crime and various forms of pollution. The Cold Wars dominating concept, security by means of deterrence, iscomplemented by the concept of collective security. This harmonises well withthe traditional Norwegian approach to security policy of combining deterrencewith reassurance. The potential enemy is also a partner. A small country has noless a need for allies, but for different purposes. Following the result of the Norwegian referendum in the autumn of 1994, whichrejected EU membership, the current status of Norwegian security policy can besummarised as follows:* We are a member of NATO* an associated member of the WEU, and* our Nordic neighbours are members of the EU. FoundationsFor most of the period following the Second World War, Norway sought nationalsecurity through membership of NATO. Up until 1940 the key word was neutrality,a neutrality that was well disposed towards the British. During the Second WorldWar Norway was occupied, whilst the legal government sought exile in London. Norway took part in an overseas front on the side of the Allies. An importantNorwegian contribution to the war effort was the achievement of its largemerchant fleet. Strategic valueA basic premise of Norwegian security policy is the perception of the assumedmilitary and strategic value of Norwegian territory for the combatants in agreat power conflict. The absence of any political conflict with Norway is theprecondition for such an offensive. War between the Nordic countries is nowlooked upon as totally unimaginable and is therefore excluded from all practicalplanning. The Nordic countries together make up a security community. Norway was not involved in the First World War because it was mainly limited tothe European continent. It was a land war during which Norway was protected bythe British fleet at the same time as the German fleet was mainly held to itsown naval bases. Norway was drawn into the Second World War as the result of a strategic Germaninvasion undertaken as part of its war against England. This war was fought on amuch wider geographic scale and also developed into a war at sea. Norway, withits long coastline, became a theatre of war. Furthermore, Norwegian territorywas used as one of several launching points for Germanys war against the SovietUnion. It was the Soviet Union which later liberated parts of Eastern Finnmarkfrom the retreating German forces. During the Cold War the military value of Norwegian territory increased. Thereason for this was the build-up of large sea, air, and to a lesser extent,land-based military capacity in the Soviet North-West. Norway was regarded asthe place where NATO could lose a Third World War should the Soviet Union freelybe able to use Norwegian ports and airfields as part of the struggle to gainmilitary control over the Atlantic. Not aloneAnother fundamental premise of Norwegian security policy is the perception thatNorway, by herself, will never be able to effectively repel a great power attackor prevent a serious great power attempt to occupy the country. In need of assistanceConsequently, the third fundamental premise of Norwegian security policy is thatthe country is in need of military assistance from countries interested inpreventing an occupation of Norway. Since 1949 Norway secured such assistance bymeans of her membership in NATO. The Second World War demonstrated that Alliedhelp has to be agreed upon and preparations for it made in peacetime, if it isto be effective. The NATO alliance has fulfilled this need. But even during the Cold War, Norwegian security was not assumed to be sovulnerable as to necessitate the deployment of foreign, allied troops onNorwegian territory. The political and military cooperation in NATO was assumedto form an adequate basis for deterring any peacetime attack. It also providedthe basis for Norwegian base policy which was formulated in response to a Sovietapproach before Norway became a NATO member. The government decided that Norwayshould not open bases for the armed forces of foreign countries unless thecountry was under attack or under threat of attack. For Norway, it became animportant diplomatic instrument to be able to warn that, should there occurSoviet diplomatic or military coercion which might be interpreted as a threat oran attack, the Government could retaliate by enlisting the allied armed forces. A study in contrast the views of catherine barkley EssayNorway holds a prominent position in the campaign to abolish chemical weapons. PollutionMilitary based pollution in north-western Russia represents a particular problem. It is caused by obsolescence, dumping at sea and by overflowing stockpiles onland. Norway has worked towards involving the USA in the disarmament relatedpollution problems of North-western Russia, and has been allocated some of thefunds in a programme started by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar. A considerable pollution threat, albeit a non-military one, is represented bythe nuclear power plants and other industrial instal-lations in the area, suchas the nickel smelters there. Pollution in Norway emanating from Russia is moreextensive than total pollution from Norwegian sources. CooperationPut simply, Norway would like to see as much international cooperation aspossible in order to solve her security problems in as wide a context aspossible. USAIt is the Norwegian view that transatlantic relations with the USA are in aclass of their own. During the Cold War, no other country was able to play suchan important role for Norwegian security as the USA. There is still a widely-held belief that nobody can replace the American commitment, within the NATOframework, to ensure Norwegian security. No other country can rival the USAs position as the leading proponent ofdisarmament, where both nuclear and conventional arms are concerned. Within NATO, Norway has entered into a number of special agreements with the USA,such as pre-positioning of weapons and materiel for the marines and air force(COB), as well as other forms of explicit military cooperation. Norway hashelped limit the scope of cutbacks affecting such measures, thanks to DefenceMinister Kosmos effective diplomacy. But Norway has also other agreements withother NATO countries which ensure allied support, for example the agreement withthe German-American unit NCF (NATO Composite Force). StrategyNorway supports NATOs new strategy and forces concept enabling it to meetunforeseen challenges threatening member countries of the alliance. Norway has put an IRF battalion, an air squadron and a frigate at the disposalof NATO for immediate emergency deployment. In the meantime, two aspects have changed. During the Cold War, the greater strategic significance of Norwegian territorywas so considerable it was reckoned that alliance partners would quickly come tothe assistance of the country in an emergency. The threat against Norway was then so great that Norwegian forces had but onetask the defence of Norwegian territory. Now, by virtue of her participation in the IRF, Norway has proclaimed herwillingness to deploy military forces, in an allied context, outside ofNorwegian territory. Moreover, this can be seen as the expression of Norwaysnew resolve to demonstrate solidarity with her allied partners abroad, in orderto strengthen security cooperation with the same partners on home territory. TransatlanticFrom a Norwegian viewpoint, every transatlantic debate in NATO has been fraughtwith a certain anxiety lest the European and the American members of thealliance should develop such disagreements that Norway would have to choosesides. Important strategic considerations link Norway to the USA in a specialway. However, Norway is part of Europe geographically, historically,commercially and in other vital areas. American policy represents two challenges. The first is demilitarisation andwithdrawal from Europe. The second is the call to Western European countries toassume greater responsibility for their own security. Both challenges have a bearing on how Western European NATO members organisethemselves. It is of central importance in this connection that the WesternEuropean Union (WEU) has been chosen as NATOs European pillar. Norway is anassociated member of WEU. At the same time WEU has been named the defence arm of the European Union (EU). Full membership of WEU is only open to states who are EU members. Again, it isonly EU member countries who can take part in EUs joint foreign and securitypolicy (FUSP), which gives security policy a much broader basis than the purelymilitary. Thus the Norwegian EU question is explicitly linked to foreign policyconsiderations. Norway had since the Spring of 1994 an accession treaty for EU membership, whichwas defended not least from a security policy standpoint. But in the referendumof November 28th 1994 a majority of the Norwegian people voted againstmembership. NordicForeign and security policy cooperation between Nordic countries has developedrapidly following the Cold War era when Swedish and Finnish neutrality gave risequestions of credibility. Governments looked upon such cooperation as a steptowards anticipated EU-membership for all Nordic countries (Iceland excepted). There are, however, no indications of a Norwegian willingness to establish anyform of isolated Nordic defence cooperation. The idea of a Scandinavian defenceunion was tried and rejected in 1948/49. Norway wants to remain in NATO, and asan associated member of WEU at the very least. But following the Norwegian peoples rejection of the EU, there is a greaterrequirement to stimulate more comprehensive Nordic cooperation. Norway is a partof the European Economic Area (EEA), and as such is a sort of economic member ofthe EU, but without regular voting rights. Rejection of EU-membership does notmean the rejection of other types of cooperation. Also on grounds of securitypolicy the Norwegian Government considers it important to fully exploit the EEAagreements regulations and semi-annual consultations. FNNorways support of the UN as the guarantor of international peace and securityis dependent on superpower cooperation not being paralysed by veto. Norway has along tradition of taking part in UN peacekeeping operations. More than 1 percent of Norways entire population has served on UN assignments. This isprobably a UN record. After the Cold War the UN has regained much of its original strength. Norway hasextended her UN involvement by increasing the number of officers and troops onUN alert to 2000. Norway also supports the thinking behind a greater role forthe UN by strengthening the UNs apparatus for crisis management and operationalleadership. Norway supports the new concept: keeping the peace, which in certaincases means a willingness to take up arms in order to restore peace.

Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses for McGuigan and Eisner- myassignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about theFerguson Plarre Bakehouses for McGuigan and Eisner. Answer: The Planning Process adopted by Managers in Organizations Organizational managers develop planning to allow them achieve their set goals. Choonhaklai and Wangkanond (2014) refer to planning as the process of selecting goals and designing appropriate strategies that would make them accomplish their goals. According to McGuigan and Eisner (2003), planning offers varying benefits to organizations. Managers and their employees can develop more efforts when it comes to implementation of established plans. Planning also makes managers and employees gain persistence in their roles. This implies that they can work hard for a long time to achieve their objectives or goals (Jong, et al., 2015). Jones and Hillier (2016) maintain that even in an environment where an organization is likely to have a short-term success, it allows employees to gain more motivation and encouragement to remain focused. Managers in organizations follow a given process when they want to achieve and benefit from their goals. Several scholars that have focused on this topic, ha ve come up with different models that guides managers on ways to plan. The model points out that planning goes through five stages-setting goals, developing commitment to the goals, developing effective action plans, tracking progress to achieve the goals, and maintaining a high level of flexibility when planning. The first stage in any planning process demands that managers set goals. Choonhaklai and Wangkanond (2014) explain that the fact that planning requires management to choose on goals and design strategies that assist them achieve such goals, they must first identify and set their goals. Riley (2016) maintain that goals must be challenging to direct behaviors and achieve desirable results. For example, a goal such as to increase the sales volume by 24% in the next three years is likely to put more energy in sales team than simply stating that the sales department seeks to increase its sales volume. Besides, Riley (2016) explain that whether managers in charge of a department or an entire organization sets goals, such goals must be guided by a SMART principle. Any goal must be Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and achieved within a time-bound. Above goal is specific to what the sales department wants to attain-24% increase in sales. It is measurable in that managers can measu re profits or number of units sold in quantitative terms. It is attainable because it falls within what the department performance. The goal is also time bound within a period of three years. Planning require that managers develop a high level of commitment towards the already established goals. Lee, Keil and Wong (2015) maintain that just because a manager has designed a given goal, this does not imply that employee will implement it. In case employee fail to care about the goal, this would simply mean that they will fail to gain encouragement to working harder to achieve what managers have set. Lee, et al. (2015) define commitment towards a given goal as the determination that employees develop to help them achieve the goal before them. Employees and managers work in liaison to gain commitment and ensure that the goal becomes successful. Furthermore, Wilson and Dobson (2008) posit that managers can increase commitment among employees when they involve them to participate in setting of goals. He worn that managers should not go ahead to assign or communicate to employees their goals. In fact, managers and employees should work together to select goals. It is through this that they can make a plan to work and become successful. Planning process also require that managers develop effective action plans. White (2013) refers to action plan as a list of specific actions that answers questions such as who, what, when, and how. According to the author, is that the four answers will assist managers in identifying the key people to perform the job, what to do, the time that they need to work and complete the job, and the procedure they need to follow in terms of strategy. A goal such as increasing a sales volume by 24% for a period of 3 years, would require that managers appoint sales representative and marketing department. The strategy would be to design different marketing mix strategies. While the time covers a period of three years. Indeed, effective action plans would help list down a list of to do things to achieve a plan in organization. Tracking progress of already developed goals play a key role to how far management is able to achieve organizational planning. Rose (2015) groups methods of tracking progress into proximal goals and distal goals. Managers use the former to track on their short-term goals such as those occurring within a period of 1 to 2 years. While on the other hand, the latter method involves long-term or primary goals occurring for a period of more than years. Furthermore, distal method calls for managers to collect and provide frequent performance feedback concerning goals with the objective to come up with corrective measures. Besides, both managers and employees should work is liaison to help identify strengths and weaknesses. Managers achieve success in their planning process by maintaining flexibility. Not every manager design fixed and workable plans. Sometime plans fails to work as required because of change in external or internal environment. Lin, Lan and Chuang (2013) suggest that managers can adopt options-based approach to maintain a high-level of flexibility. Managers that use this approach have been found to keep their options open through small and simultaneous investments within different plans. It is from the best alternative that managers select as workable plans. Furthermore, Eichler and Maltritz (2013) maintain that while the role of an action plan is to commit employees and limited resources towards a given course of action, the main target of an option-based planning is to make managers leave a commitment open through maintenance of slack resources. Managers prefer using a cushion of resources like finance, employees, production capacity or time to adapt to any future uncertainties. A brief summary of Ferguson Plarres organizational history Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses operates as a family owned business. The company was first established in 1901 in the Northern and Western Suburbs. Eliza Jane Ferguson first bought the restaurant in Swanston St, Melbourne in 1857. While on the other hand, Otto Plarre established reputation of his company as quality bakery in Melbourne to establish the first bakery in 1909. This was a few kilometers from that of Fergusson. For the better part of 1920s and 30s, Fergusson business sold much of its cakes to majority to Italian functions and famous Florentino restaurant. After successful operation as separate family businesses with almost similar operational models, the two companies formed a merger in June 6th, 1980 as Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses ((Ferguson Plarre 2013). The merger led to refining of product range. They considered to take the best from both businesses (Ferguson Plarre 2013). Consequently, they abolished those that failed to add value to customer experiences. Among the family members that joined the business through franchising included Anthony- Ken Fergusson as the retail manager, Steven-Ralph Plarres son as administration manager, Pam Fergusson as promotions manager, and Michael Plarre as production manager (Ferguson Plarre 2013). Research and development led to production of high quality product brands such as Tiddly Oggies, Mudcakes, Chocolate Moussecake, and Blackforest Cheesecake as the industry leading products. Ferguson Plarres approach to goal setting Goal setting starts at the point when one has completion of a strategic plan. Besides, it must align with the set mission and vision statement. Ferguson Plarre management applies centralized setting approach. Management together with the employees located in different stores, come together to make decisions. Besides, the goal hierarchy at Ferguson Plarre follows from the job output, performance targets, evaluation and feedbacks, determination of checkpoints, and final discussion of goals among managers and employees. During the job output stage, managers and subordinates discuss the output that subordinates heading different outlets are responsible. The performance targets then involves every subordinate heading a store, comes up with own formulated targets within their operational areas of responsibility. This helps meet the demand for every store. They ensure that every goal is quantitative, specific, measurable, concise and attainable, and time-bound. The last part of goal setting involves store managers discussing with Michael Plarre - production department manager. How Ferguson Plarre track progress toward goal achievement Ferguson Plarre Company adopts the use of distal goals to track records regarding the extent to which it has already achieved its goals. Management works with the store managers to collect and provide performance feedbacks (Ferguson Plarre 2012). Line managers and heads of stores provide regular and frequent performance feedback on demand from customers. Employees working in stores and the production facility can track the progress of their goals and the extent of achievement. The company obtains feedback as the major baseline from the employees safety behaviours from their makeup and wrapping department. The makeup department covers those involved in measuring, mixing of dough, rolling, and placing in pans. The baseline for employees in the processing department covers bagging, sealing, and assembling the finished cakes ready for freight to different stores (Ferguson Plarre 2012). The company human and resource department provides safety training and sets goals at 80% for the safety behaviors. Employees provide daily feedbacks that allow managers to identify possible improvement areas. References Choonhaklai, S, Wangkanond, R 2014, 'the linkage between elements in the strategic planning process: a qualitative study', International Employment Relations Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 27-43. Eichler, S, Maltritz, D 2013, 'An options-based approach to forecast competing bids: evidence for Canadian takeover battles', Applied Economics, vol. 45, no. 34, pp. 4805-4819 Ferguson Plarre 2012, Interview with Steve Plarre, Part 3: Planning, Cengage Learning Australia. Ferguson Plarre 2013, Our History, viewed {May 31, 2017}, https://www.fergusonplarre.com.au/about/history/ Jones, P, Hillier, D, 11, D 2016, 'the sustainable development goals and business', International Journal of Sales, Retailing Marketing, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 38-48. 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